ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ، ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﻪ
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺠﻮﺕ
Zygot ، ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ
ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ Primary
Germ Layers ، ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻛﺘﻮﺩﻳﺮﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ
Ectoderm ، ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﻭﺩﻳﺮﻡ ﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ
Mesoderm ، ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﺩﻳﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ
Endoderm .
ﻭ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ، ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ، ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ
ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ Tissue ، ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ، ﻭ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Intercellular
Substance or Matrix ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ .
ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻀﻮﺍ Organ ، ﻭ
ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ
Organ System ، ﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻜﻞ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ
ﻫﻲ -:
-1 ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ Epithelia
2 – ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ Connective.
-4 ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ Muscles.
5 – ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ Nervous.
ﺃﻭﻻً – ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ Tissues Epithelia
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ .
ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ.
ﺗﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ.
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ.
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺲ ( ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ
ﻣﺜﻼ) .
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ:
ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ( Intercellular
substances ) ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ.
ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ.
ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ.
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ ( Basement
membrane )
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ :
ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ:
1 - ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ... Squamous.
Epithelium
2 - ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ .... Cuboidal.
Epithelium
-3 ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ .... Columnar.
Epithelium
-4 ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ .... Transitional.
Epithelium
ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ (Simple )ﺃﻱ
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ( Stratified) ﺃﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ.
1 - ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ :
ﺃ- ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ( Simple Squamous )
ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ.
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭ
ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ.
ﺏ - ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ : (Stratified
Squamous )
ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ
ﺑﻌﺾ .
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ .
2 - ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ :
ﺃ- ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ :Simple Cuboidal
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ .
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ.
ﺏ - ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ : ( Stratified
Cuboidal)
ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ.
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ.
3 - ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ :
• ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ :
ﺃ - ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ( Simple Columnar )
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ .
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ.
ﺏ- ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺏ ( Simple ciliated
Columnar )
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﺏ.
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ.
ﺝ- ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ: ( Stratified
Columnar )
ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ.
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻡ .
ﺩ - ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺏ ( Stratified
ciliated Columnar )
ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺑﺔ.
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮﺓ.
ﻫـ- ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ (Pseudo
Stratified Columnar )
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭ- ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺏ Pseudo
Stratified ciliated) Columnar
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﺏ.
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ .
4 - ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ (ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ) .
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً - ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ Connective Tissues :
ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ:
• ﺭﺑﻂ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ:
ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ.
ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ .
ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ :
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ:
ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ Proper Connective
Tissues
ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ Dense Connective
Tissues